INTEL JOURNEY

                                           

                     THE INTEL JOURNEY 

                                        Akshay Aadarsh, Anish Parkhe, Anish Patil, Anurag Landage

 

• BEGINNINGS
• EARLY PRODUCTS
• PENTIUM MICROPROCESSOR
• EXPANSION AND OTHER DEVELOPMENT

BEGINNINGS:~

Robert Noyce and Gordon Moore, two American engineers, created INTEL in July 1968. Differentiating from their competitors with $2.5 million in investment secured by Arthur Rock, the  banker who was responsible to find the name venture capitalist. Intel's founders were seasoned, middle-aged technologists with a solid track record. when noice was in charge of Fairchild Semiconductor, a part of Fairchild Camera and Instrument, he developed the  integrated circuit in 1959 made up of silicon. Moore was the chief of Fairchild Semiconductor's research and development department. Noyce and Moore hired other Fairchild employees right after after starting Intel, notably Andrew Grove, a Hungarian-born American businessman. initially in the 1st thirty years of the companies history, NOYCE and MOORE served as chairman and CEO respectively

EARLY PRODUCTS :~

Intel's first product was a memory chip containing 1101, the world's first metal oxide semiconductor, but it didn't sell well. However, its sibling 1103 is 1 kilobit of dynamic random access memory. The (DRAM) chip was successful and was the first chip to store large amounts of information. It was purchased by the American technology company Honeywell Incorporated in 1970 and replaced the computer's core memory technology. DRAM is cheaper and consumes less power than core memory, so it quickly became the standard memory device for computers around the world. After the success of DRAM, Intel became a public company in 1971. That same year, Intel introduced an erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM) chip. This was the company's most successful product line until 1985. Also in 1971, Intel Ted Hoff, Federico Faggin and Stan Mazor developed a general-purpose 4-bit microprocessor on behalf of Japanese calculator maker Japan Computer Co., Ltd., and was one of the first single-chip microprocessors 4004. Invented. Gave Intel all rights to technology

Not all of Intel's early efforts have been successful. In 1972, management decided to enter the growing digital watch market by purchasing Microma. But Intel didn't really understand the consumer and sold the watch company in 1978 with a loss of $ 15 million. In 1974, Intel dominated the DRAM chip market at 82.9%, but with the rise of foreign semiconductor companies, the company's market share had dropped to 1.3% by 1984. But by this time, Intel had shifted away from memory chips and focused on the business of the microprocessor business. In 1972, he manufactured the 8008, an 8-bit central processing unit (CPU). The 8080, which is 10 times faster than the 8008, came out two years later. And in 1978, the company built the first 16-bit microprocessor 8086.

In 1981, American computer maker International Business Machines (IBM) chose Intel's 16-bit 8088 as the CPU for the first mass-produced personal computers (PCs). Intel has also made "clone" PCs available to other manufacturers compatible with IBM products. IBM PCs and their clones have ignited the demand for desktop and portable computers. IBM signed a contract with a small company from Microsoft Corporation in Redmond, Washington to provide a hard disk operating system (DOS) for personal computers. Eventually, Microsoft shipped the Windows operating system to the IBM PC. It's called a "Wintel" machine that combines Windows software with an Intel chip and has dominated the market since its inception.

Of the many microprocessors Intel has produced, perhaps the most important was the 80386, a 32-bit chip released in 1985 that started the company’s commitment to make all future microprocessors backward-compatible with previous CPUs. Application developers and PC owners could then be assured that software that worked on older Intel machines would run on the newest models.

ARCHITECTURE:~

Intel is the world’s oldest and most established microprocessor company, producing the world’s most popular microprocessor chips. Although perhaps best known for its PC processors, Intel devices are used in virtually every field of electronics, including automotive, industrial, automation, robotics, consumer electronics, image processing, networking, encryption, military, construction, medical, energy, and other industries. Designers unfamiliar with the Intel architecture may have concerns about the architecture’s fundamental concepts, its inner workings, or its complexity. The goal of this paper is to educate skilled developers with no previous exposure to the Intel architecture and to provide guidance regarding system components and concepts.

Since the first tiny Intel 4004 microprocessor chip was made in 1971, Intel has produced an unbroken series of upgrades and improvements to the world’s best known microprocessor family. From its early 8-bit beginnings, the Intel architecture now encompasses a range of 32-bit and 64-bit microprocessors that address a range of applications, performance requirements, power levels, and price points. The cornerstone of Intel architecture’s popularity is its compatibility. Each new generation of Intel architecture microprocessor is a superset of its predecessors, providing backward compatibility with older chips and older software, while also adding new or enhanced features. This compatibility allows engineers, programmers, and development teams to reuse the software and software-development tools from earlier projects, protecting their investment in time and talent. It also makes developing new Intel-based systems easier by leveraging developers’ experience.

PENTIUM MICROPROCESSOR :~

With the introduction of Pentium microprocessor in 1993, Intel left behind product design agreements that focused on the number of trademarks of its microprocessors. Pentium was the first Intel chip for PCs to use parallel, or superscalar, processing, which greatly increased its speed. It had 3.1 million transistors, compared to the 1.2 million transistors before it, 80486. Combined with the Microsoft Windows 3.x operating system, the fast-paced Pentium chip helped promote a significant increase in the PC market. Although businesses still buy more PCs, Pentium's more efficient machines make it possible for consumers to use PCs in multimedia graphics systems as games that require a lot of processing power.

Intel's business strategy relies on making new microprocessors faster than ever to tempt consumers to upgrade their PCs. One way to achieve this was to make chips with too many transistors in each device. For example, the 8088 available on the first IBM PC had 29,000 transistors, while the 80386 revealed four years later included 275,000, and the Core 2 Quad launched in 2008 had more than 800,000,000 transistors. The Itanium 9500, released in 2012, had 3,100,000,000 transistors. This increase in the number of transistors is known as Moore's law, named after the company's founder Gordon Moore, who realized in 1965 that the number of transistors in a silicon chip would double almost a year; revised it in 1975 to double every two years.

EXPANSION & OTHER DEVELOPMENTS :~

By the mid-1990s Intel had grown to surpass the chip business. Major PC manufacturers, such as IBM and Hewlett-Packard, have been able to design and manufacture Intel-based computers in their markets. However, Intel wanted some, smaller PC makers to get their products and, therefore, Intel chips sold out quickly, so it began designing and building "motherlands" containing all the important computer components, including graphics and communication chips. In 1995 the company sold more than ten million motherboards to PC manufacturers, about 40 percent of the total PC market. At the beginning of the 21st century Taiwanese-based manufacturer ASUSTeK surpassed Intel as a leading manufacturer of motherboard PCs.

By the end of the century, Intel and related chips in companies like AMD were available on all PCs except Apple Inc's Macintosh, which had been using CPUs from Motorola since 1984. Craig Barrett, who succeeded Grove as Intel CEO in 1998, managed to shut down. that space. In 2005 Apple CEO Steven Jobs shocked the industry when it announced that upcoming Apple PCs would use Intel CPUs. Thus, with the exception of some very efficient computers, called Servers, and mainframes, Intel and Intel-compatible microprocessors can be found in almost every PC, and the company dominated the CPU market in the early 21st century. .

Paul Otellini replaced Barrett as CEO of Intel in 2005, and four years later Jane Shaw replaced Barrett as chairman. He held this position until 2012, when he was succeeded by Andy Bryant. The following year Brian Krzanich became CEO. In 2019 chief financial officer Bob Swan became CEO, while Intel placed 43 on Fortune 500's list of major American companies

 

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